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1 | --- | ||
2 | title: On the Design of Overly Complicated Feedreaders | ||
3 | published: 2015-08-04 | ||
4 | tags: Beuteltier | ||
5 | --- | ||
6 | |||
7 | I like feedreaders. | ||
8 | Thus, of course, I had to implement my own, because, as always, all existing software does | ||
9 | not fullfill my exceedingly unrealistic expectations with respect to customizability and | ||
10 | extendability. | ||
11 | |||
12 | This post marks the start of a series describing and documenting the design of the current | ||
13 | iteration of `Beuteltier` (`Beutel` kind of sounds like [Beuter](https://newsbeuter.org) | ||
14 | and is german for bag, which is what we call our backstore since it is held at such an | ||
15 | universal and unstructured level that the analogy is fitting. `Tier` is german for animal | ||
16 | and taken to mean "Thing that does stuff". In conjunction `Beuteltier` means | ||
17 | [Marsupial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial)). | ||
18 | |||
19 | It should be noted that the library described here is not finished or ready for use in any | ||
20 | sense of the word (at the time of writing a "trivial" implementation of a `Beutel` shipped | ||
21 | with the library supports only `run`, `search`, and `delete`). Searching a way to | ||
22 | procrastinate implementing the more arduous `insert` (it requires nubbing—deduplication in | ||
23 | the backstore) I decided to, instead, start this series of posts and put the thought that | ||
24 | went into the library so far in a form that I can read again for later reference. | ||
25 | |||
26 | We begin, as is to be expected for a haskell project, with type definitions and, thus, | ||
27 | design philosophy. | ||
28 | |||
29 | This post in particular reproduces the file `beuteltier/Beuteltier/Types.hs` from the | ||
30 | git repo with annotiations to provide some motivation. | ||
31 | |||
32 | The `Beuteltier` library itself only provides primitives for (and a default implementation | ||
33 | of) access to what we call a backstore. A backstore is, to us, an instance of the | ||
34 | typeclass `Beutel` which contains the most primitive of primitives for storing, searching | ||
35 | for and deleting representations of the objects we care about from the store. | ||
36 | |||
37 | It is recommended that the reader not try to follow the rest of this post linearly but start | ||
38 | at the end with the definition of the `Beutel` class and work their way backwards. | ||
39 | |||
40 | > {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances, StandaloneDeriving, KindSignatures, MultiParamTypeClasses, TypeFamilies #-} | ||
41 | > | ||
42 | > module Beuteltier.Types | ||
43 | > ( -- * Types | ||
44 | > Object | ||
45 | > , ObjectGen(..) | ||
46 | > , SubObject(..) | ||
47 | > , MetaData(..) | ||
48 | > , Thunk(..) | ||
49 | > , ThunkState(..) | ||
50 | > , ThunkResult(..) | ||
51 | > , Tag | ||
52 | > , Flag(..) | ||
53 | > , SubObjectName | ||
54 | > , ThunkName | ||
55 | > , SearchQuery | ||
56 | > , Predicate | ||
57 | > , Beutel(..) | ||
58 | > ) where | ||
59 | |||
60 | `Flag` ends up being a [sum type](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_type) holding values | ||
61 | such as `Seen`, `Old`, or `Hidden`. | ||
62 | We define it externally. | ||
63 | |||
64 | > import Beuteltier.Types.Flags | ||
65 | |||
66 | The `Identity` functor serves as basis for many a Monadtransformer-stack. | ||
67 | |||
68 | > import Data.Functor.Identity | ||
69 | > import Data.Functor.Classes () | ||
70 | |||
71 | Binary contents are encoded as `ByteStrings` | ||
72 | |||
73 | > import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as Lazy (ByteString) | ||
74 | > import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as LBS | ||
75 | |||
76 | Unicode text as `Text` | ||
77 | |||
78 | > import Data.Text (Text) | ||
79 | |||
80 | Long unicode text as lazy `Text` | ||
81 | |||
82 | > import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as Lazy (Text) | ||
83 | > import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as LT | ||
84 | > | ||
85 | > import Data.Set (Set) | ||
86 | > | ||
87 | > import Data.Map (Map) | ||
88 | > | ||
89 | > import Data.Time (UTCTime) | ||
90 | > | ||
91 | > import Data.Function (on) | ||
92 | > import Data.Ord (comparing) | ||
93 | > import Control.Applicative | ||
94 | |||
95 | `Data.Default` provides some convenience when constructing extensive record structures. | ||
96 | |||
97 | > import Data.Default | ||
98 | |||
99 | The `boolexpr` package provides us with a structure for representing boolean expressions | ||
100 | supporting functor operations and evaluation. | ||
101 | |||
102 | > import Data.BoolExpr | ||
103 | |||
104 | Previous iterations of Beuteltier acted on Objects that were kept completely in RAM during | ||
105 | all operations. | ||
106 | This proved to be unsustainable, not only because nubbing (deduplication in the store of | ||
107 | all objects) tended to exceed all RAM constraints (>4GiB for a few hundred objects), but | ||
108 | also because cheaper operations on objects, like presentation to the user, got painfully | ||
109 | slow once large `SubObject`s (like videos) were introduced into the store. | ||
110 | |||
111 | The straight forward solution was to enrich the `Object` structure with provisions for | ||
112 | explicit lazyness and partial construction. | ||
113 | |||
114 | > -- | We deal in, at runtime, partially retrieved Objects | ||
115 | > data ObjectGen (f :: * -> *) = ObjectGen | ||
116 | > { _oMeta :: f MetaData | ||
117 | > -- ^ An undetermined set of Metainformation | ||
118 | > , _oContent :: f (Map SubObjectName (f SubObject)) | ||
119 | > -- ^ A list of undetermined length of undetermined | ||
120 | > -- 'SubObject's with guaranteed unique 'SubObjectName's | ||
121 | > , _oThunks :: f [f Thunk] | ||
122 | > -- ^ A list of undetermined length of undetermined Thunks. | ||
123 | > -- There is such a thing as thunk colissions (i.e.: two | ||
124 | > -- thunks promise or even create 'SubObject's with the | ||
125 | > -- same name). | ||
126 | > -- Precedence in such a case is to be as suggested by | ||
127 | > -- the list structure (later thunks override earlier ones). | ||
128 | > } | ||
129 | > | ||
130 | > instance Monad f => Default (ObjectGen f) where | ||
131 | > def = ObjectGen { _oContent = return def | ||
132 | > , _oThunks = return def | ||
133 | > , _oMeta = return def | ||
134 | > } | ||
135 | |||
136 | It is straight forward to collapse the more advanced representation of `Object`s back to | ||
137 | the old behaviour by parametrising over the Identity functor, which is simply a newtype | ||
138 | wrapper over the contained structure. | ||
139 | |||
140 | > -- | An entirely retrieved Object | ||
141 | > type Object = ObjectGen Identity | ||
142 | > | ||
143 | > -- -- | The default 'Object' is empty except for metadata | ||
144 | > -- instance Default Object where | ||
145 | > -- def = ObjectGen { _oContent = return def | ||
146 | > -- , _oThunks = return def | ||
147 | > -- , _oMeta = return def | ||
148 | > -- } | ||
149 | > | ||
150 | > -- | Equality simply gets deferred to all subcomponents | ||
151 | > deriving instance Eq Object | ||
152 | > | ||
153 | > -- | 'Object's compare as their 'MetaData' | ||
154 | > instance Ord Object where | ||
155 | > compare = comparing _oMeta | ||
156 | |||
157 | We would like to associate some set of meta information with all objects. | ||
158 | Therefore, we do. | ||
159 | |||
160 | > -- | Metadata associated with an Object | ||
161 | > data MetaData = MetaData | ||
162 | > { _mRetrieved :: UTCTime -- ^ Time of creation | ||
163 | > , _mTags :: Set Tag -- ^ Tags such as the name of the author, | ||
164 | > -- the title of the work represented in | ||
165 | > -- the 'Object', …. | ||
166 | > -- We use something like @show . _mTags@ | ||
167 | > -- to identify an 'Object' to the user | ||
168 | > , _mFlags :: Set Flag -- ^ Flags such as \"Read\" or \"Spam\" | ||
169 | > } deriving (Show, Ord) | ||
170 | > -- | Tags are unicode text | ||
171 | > type Tag = Text | ||
172 | > | ||
173 | > -- | 'MetaData' equates as the contained tags | ||
174 | > instance Eq MetaData where | ||
175 | > (==) = (==) `on` _mTags | ||
176 | > | ||
177 | > -- | The default MetaData has no tags, no flags, and an undefined timestamp | ||
178 | > instance Default MetaData where | ||
179 | > def = MetaData { _mFlags = def | ||
180 | > , _mTags = def | ||
181 | > , _mRetrieved = undefined -- There really is no such thing as a default time | ||
182 | > } | ||
183 | |||
184 | Objects are no fun if they don´t contain anything of interest in the end. | ||
185 | |||
186 | Below we see a remnant of an older model of associating names to `SubObject`s. We switched | ||
187 | to using a `Map` for reasons of deduplication. Inserting into a `Map` carries some | ||
188 | guarantees that keys end up being unique. | ||
189 | |||
190 | Note below: creation of a `SubObject` is an update. It is thus expected, that `SubObject`s | ||
191 | created at the same time as the `Object` they are associated to encode an update | ||
192 | time that matches the `Object`s creation time. | ||
193 | |||
194 | > -- | Contents of an object | ||
195 | > data SubObject = SubObject | ||
196 | > -- { _sId :: SubObjectName | ||
197 | > -- ^ We associate a name to every chunk of content to determine | ||
198 | > -- how to present an object to the user | ||
199 | > { _sContent :: Lazy.ByteString | ||
200 | > , _sUpdates :: [UTCTime] | ||
201 | > -- ^ Times of witnessed updates to this 'SubObject' | ||
202 | > } deriving (Show) | ||
203 | > | ||
204 | > -- | No content, no witnessed updates | ||
205 | > instance Default SubObject where | ||
206 | > def = SubObject { _sContent = def | ||
207 | > , _sUpdates = def | ||
208 | > } | ||
209 | > | ||
210 | > -- | Extensionality for 'SubObject's: | ||
211 | > -- | ||
212 | > -- > (==) = (==) `on` _sContent | ||
213 | > instance Eq SubObject where | ||
214 | > (==) = (==) `on` _sContent | ||
215 | |||
216 | The distinguishing feature of Beuteltier is it´s support for `Thunk`s. They are, as the | ||
217 | name suggests, loosly based on the concept of lazy evaluation. They are, however, less | ||
218 | transparent and thus more explicit than implementations as they are used in, for example | ||
219 | haskell. | ||
220 | |||
221 | As far as Beuteltier is concerned `Thunk`s are executables that are expected to produce | ||
222 | files in the directory they are executed in in a pure manner. That is to say they do not | ||
223 | access external resources, where possible. A `Thunk` that downloads a video from the | ||
224 | internet will, of course, access the internet and can thus fail. We expect it, however, to | ||
225 | not to try and access the users home directory to look for e.g. credentials for | ||
226 | authentication it intends to use to its primary job. | ||
227 | |||
228 | When a `Thunk`s executable gets executed the files it creates (excluding itself) get | ||
229 | translated to `SubObject`s with the filenames (directories stripped of course) as their | ||
230 | `SubObjectName`s and the file contents as their… well, their contents. It is understood, | ||
231 | that not all possible `SubObjectName`s can be created thus (we restrict ourselves to valid | ||
232 | filenames on whatever system we happen to be on). We do not consider this to be a great | ||
233 | loss. | ||
234 | |||
235 | The advanced equality checks mentioned below are, in fact, implemented and will be explained | ||
236 | in more detail in a later post concerned with the file `beuteltier/Beuteltier/Types/Util.hs`. | ||
237 | |||
238 | > -- | Thunks are at runtime not yet known parts of an object | ||
239 | > data Thunk = Thunk | ||
240 | > { _tId :: ThunkName -- ^ For debugging | ||
241 | > , _tScript :: Lazy.ByteString | ||
242 | > -- ^ A Thunk is, in the end, a shell script that is expected to generate | ||
243 | > -- 'SubObject's | ||
244 | > , _tPromises :: Maybe [SubObjectName] | ||
245 | > -- ^ Maybe we already know what our script is going to generate? | ||
246 | > -- This would enable us to do some more advanced equality checks under | ||
247 | > -- the assumption that scripts are pure | ||
248 | > , _tState :: ThunkState | ||
249 | > } | ||
250 | > deriving (Show) | ||
251 | > | ||
252 | > -- | Empty id, empty script, promises nothing, and with default state | ||
253 | > instance Default Thunk where | ||
254 | > def = Thunk { _tId = def | ||
255 | > , _tScript = def | ||
256 | > , _tPromises = def | ||
257 | > , _tState = def | ||
258 | > } | ||
259 | > | ||
260 | > -- | Equality on 'Thunk's ignores '_tState' and '_tId' | ||
261 | > instance Eq Thunk where | ||
262 | > a == b = and $ [ (==) `on` _tScript | ||
263 | > , (==) `on` _tPromises | ||
264 | > ] <*> pure a <*> pure b | ||
265 | > | ||
266 | > -- | The states in which a 'Thunk' can be encountered. | ||
267 | > data ThunkState = NotExecuted | ||
268 | > | Executed [SubObjectName] ThunkResult | ||
269 | > deriving (Show) | ||
270 | > | ||
271 | > -- | Return the default 'ThunkResult' upon forcing | ||
272 | > instance Default ThunkState where | ||
273 | > def = NotExecuted | ||
274 | > | ||
275 | > -- | Thunks generate some data during execution | ||
276 | > data ThunkResult = ThunkResult | ||
277 | > { _rOutErr, _rOutStd :: Lazy.Text | ||
278 | > , _rExit :: Integer -- ^ Numerical exit code (0 usually means success) | ||
279 | > } | ||
280 | > deriving (Show) | ||
281 | > | ||
282 | > -- | Empty output, and with undefined exit code (no execution took place and we can´t | ||
283 | > -- encode this in a numerical exit code) | ||
284 | > instance Default ThunkResult where | ||
285 | > def = ThunkResult { _rOutErr = LT.empty, _rOutStd = LT.empty | ||
286 | > , _rExit = undefined | ||
287 | > } | ||
288 | > | ||
289 | > -- | We expect identifiers for 'SubObject's to be short, thus 'String' | ||
290 | > type SubObjectName = String | ||
291 | > -- | We expect identifiers for 'Thunk's to be short, thus 'String' | ||
292 | > type ThunkName = String | ||
293 | > | ||
294 | > -- | @LBS.empty@ | ||
295 | > instance Default (Lazy.ByteString) where | ||
296 | > def = LBS.empty | ||
297 | |||
298 | What good is a library for managing a backstore if it does not support search operations? | ||
299 | We consider the answer to be "very little" and, thus, support searches. | ||
300 | |||
301 | > type SearchQuery f = BoolExpr (Predicate f) | ||
302 | > -- data Predicate f = Prim (ObjectGen f -> f Bool) | ||
303 | > -- | Meta (MetaData -> Bool) | ||
304 | > type Predicate f = ObjectGen f -> f Bool | ||
305 | |||
306 | The heart of the `Beuteltier` library is the typeclass reproduced below. We expect | ||
307 | implementations of backstores to be `Monad`s so that we may be able to construct | ||
308 | complicated actions that act on the backstore in question. | ||
309 | Once we have constructed such an action using the three primitives `search`, `insert`, and | ||
310 | `delete` we additionally require a way to execute that action from within the `IO` | ||
311 | `Monad`. | ||
312 | |||
313 | Additional primitives, such as those for "forcing" and resetting thunks, are provided in | ||
314 | additional libraries and, thus, later posts. | ||
315 | |||
316 | > -- | We have the user supply the functions we use to interact with whatever backstore | ||
317 | > -- she uses | ||
318 | > class Monad functor => Beutel (functor :: * -> *) where | ||
319 | > data Config :: * | ||
320 | > run :: Config -> functor a -> IO a | ||
321 | > -- ^ Actually run whatever action we constructed against the backstore | ||
322 | > search :: SearchQuery functor -> functor [ObjectGen functor] | ||
323 | > -- ^ Perform a search | ||
324 | > insert :: Object -> functor () | ||
325 | > -- ^ Insert an object | ||
326 | > delete :: SearchQuery functor -> functor () | ||
327 | > -- ^ Delete the results of a search | ||
diff --git a/provider/posts/beuteltier/2.lhs b/provider/posts/beuteltier/2.lhs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8da4711 --- /dev/null +++ b/provider/posts/beuteltier/2.lhs | |||
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ | |||
1 | --- | ||
2 | title: "\"Type level\" utilities for an overly complicated feedreader" | ||
3 | published: 2015-08-05 | ||
4 | tags: Beuteltier | ||
5 | --- | ||
6 | |||
7 | By popular (n=1) demand we will, in this post, be taking a look at | ||
8 | `beuteltier/Beuteltier/Types/Util.hs` the, creatively named, module providing some "type | ||
9 | level" utilities. | ||
10 | |||
11 | What I mean when I say "type level" is: additional instances (placed here when they | ||
12 | contain major design decisions and are not "Ord" or "Eq"), utilities not connected to | ||
13 | beuteltier itself (like the different flavours of `alter` below) | ||
14 | |||
15 | In contrast to the first, this post is straightforward enough to be read linearly. | ||
16 | |||
17 | > {-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances, FlexibleInstances #-} | ||
18 | > | ||
19 | > module Beuteltier.Types.Util | ||
20 | > ( -- * Constructing structures | ||
21 | > construct | ||
22 | > , construct' | ||
23 | > , alter | ||
24 | > , alter' | ||
25 | > -- * Dealing with 'ObjectGen's (here be dragons) | ||
26 | > , generateObject | ||
27 | > , liftGen | ||
28 | > -- * Equivalence on 'Object's (for nubbing) | ||
29 | > , Equivalent(..) | ||
30 | > -- * Operations on 'SearchQuery's | ||
31 | > , runQuery | ||
32 | > -- , runExpr | ||
33 | > ) where | ||
34 | > | ||
35 | > import Beuteltier.Types | ||
36 | > import Beuteltier.Types.Lenses | ||
37 | |||
38 | We make use of lenses (as provided by [lens](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/lens)) | ||
39 | extensively. | ||
40 | We won´t dedicate a post to `beuteltier/Beuteltier/Types/Lenses.hs` because it consists | ||
41 | mostly of the canonical invocations of | ||
42 | [makeLenses](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/lens-4.12.3/docs/Control-Lens-TH.html#v:makeLenses). | ||
43 | |||
44 | > import Data.Default | ||
45 | > | ||
46 | > import Prelude hiding (sequence) | ||
47 | > import Data.Traversable (sequence) | ||
48 | > | ||
49 | > import Control.Lens | ||
50 | > | ||
51 | > import Control.Monad.State.Lazy hiding (sequence) -- Why is this exported? | ||
52 | > | ||
53 | > import Data.Map (Map) | ||
54 | > import qualified Data.Map as Map | ||
55 | > | ||
56 | > import Data.Set (Set) | ||
57 | > import qualified Data.Set as Set | ||
58 | > | ||
59 | > import Data.Hashable (Hashable(..), hashUsing) | ||
60 | > | ||
61 | > import Data.Monoid ((<>)) | ||
62 | > | ||
63 | > import Data.Function (on) | ||
64 | > import Data.Maybe (mapMaybe) | ||
65 | > | ||
66 | > import Data.BoolExpr | ||
67 | |||
68 | Quite often we find ourselves in the position that we want to alter some small parts of a | ||
69 | complicated structure. We would therefore like to write the following: | ||
70 | |||
71 | ~~~ {.haskell} | ||
72 | updateFoo :: Foo -> Monad Foo | ||
73 | updateFoo x = alter x $ do | ||
74 | bar <~ (constructNewBar :: Monad Bar) | ||
75 | buz .= (makeConstantBuz :: Buz) | ||
76 | ~~~ | ||
77 | |||
78 | The definitions below allow us not only to do so, but also provide some convenience | ||
79 | functions for constructing entirely new values and performing both operations in a pure | ||
80 | context. | ||
81 | |||
82 | > alter :: Monad m => s -> StateT s m a -> m s | ||
83 | > -- ^ Alter a complex structure monodically | ||
84 | > alter = flip execStateT | ||
85 | > | ||
86 | > alter' :: s -> State s a -> s | ||
87 | > -- ^ Specialization of 'alter' to 'Identity' | ||
88 | > alter' s = runIdentity . alter s | ||
89 | > | ||
90 | > construct :: (Monad m, Default s) => StateT s m a -> m s | ||
91 | > -- ^ Compute a complex structure monadically | ||
92 | > construct = alter def | ||
93 | > | ||
94 | > construct' :: Default s => State s a -> s | ||
95 | > -- ^ Specialization of 'construct' to 'Identity' | ||
96 | > construct' = runIdentity . construct | ||
97 | |||
98 | Sometimes we just really want to translate an `ObjectGen` to an `Object`. | ||
99 | |||
100 | > generateObject :: Monad f => ObjectGen f -> f Object | ||
101 | > -- ^ Run an object generator. | ||
102 | > -- Use iff /all/ components of an object are needed /in RAM now/. | ||
103 | > generateObject gen = construct $ do | ||
104 | > content <- lift $ gen ^. oContent >>= sequence | ||
105 | > thunks <- lift $ gen ^. oThunks >>= sequence | ||
106 | > meta <- lift $ gen ^. oMeta | ||
107 | > oContent .= return (fmap return content) | ||
108 | > oThunks .= return (fmap return thunks) | ||
109 | > oMeta .= return meta | ||
110 | > | ||
111 | > liftGen :: Monad f => Object -> ObjectGen f | ||
112 | > -- ^ Lift an 'Object' to be an 'ObjectGen' in any 'Monad' by the power of 'return' | ||
113 | > liftGen obj = construct' $ do | ||
114 | > oContent .= return (Map.map return $ obj ^. oContent') | ||
115 | > oThunks .= return (map return $ obj ^. oThunks') | ||
116 | > oMeta .= return (obj ^. oMeta') | ||
117 | |||
118 | We expect implementations of `insert` to perform what we call nubbing. That is removal of | ||
119 | `Object`s that are, in some sense, `Equivalent` to the new one we´re currently | ||
120 | inserting. Thus we provide a definition of what we mean, when we say `Equivalent`. | ||
121 | |||
122 | > class Equivalent a where | ||
123 | > (~~) :: a -> a -> Bool | ||
124 | > | ||
125 | > -- | Two 'Object's are equivalent iff their content is identical as follows: | ||
126 | > -- the set of 'SubObjectName's both promised and actually occurring is identical | ||
127 | > -- and all 'SubObject's that actually occurr and share a 'SubObjectName' are | ||
128 | > -- identical (as per '(==)') | ||
129 | > -- | ||
130 | > -- Additionally we expect their 'Metadata' to be identical (as per '(==)') | ||
131 | > instance Equivalent Object where | ||
132 | > a ~~ b = (contentCompare `on` content) a b && ((==) `on` (^. oMeta')) a b | ||
133 | > where | ||
134 | > contentCompare :: (Ord k, Eq v) => Map k (Maybe v) -> Map k (Maybe v) -> Bool | ||
135 | > contentCompare a b = Map.foldl (&&) True $ Map.mergeWithKey combine setFalse setFalse a b | ||
136 | > combine _ a b = Just $ cmpMaybes a b | ||
137 | > setFalse = Map.map $ const False | ||
138 | > | ||
139 | > cmpMaybes Nothing _ = True | ||
140 | > cmpMaybes _ Nothing = True | ||
141 | > cmpMaybes (Just a) (Just b) = a == b | ||
142 | |||
143 | To speed up nubbing we also provide a quick way to "cache results". To make caching | ||
144 | meaningful we of course expect the following to hold: | ||
145 | |||
146 | ~~~ | ||
147 | a ~~ b ⇒ (hash a) == (hash b) | ||
148 | ~~~ | ||
149 | |||
150 | Note that we do not expect the converse to hold. We will thus require a second pass over | ||
151 | all objects sharing a hash to determine true equivalency. | ||
152 | |||
153 | > -- | Two 'Object's´ hashes are a first indication of whether they are 'Equivalent' | ||
154 | > instance Hashable Object where | ||
155 | > hashWithSalt = hashUsing $ \a -> (a ^. oMeta', Map.keys $ content a) | ||
156 | > | ||
157 | > instance Hashable MetaData where | ||
158 | > hashWithSalt = hashUsing $ Set.toList . (^. mTags) | ||
159 | > | ||
160 | > content :: Object -> Map SubObjectName (Maybe SubObject) | ||
161 | > content obj = promised obj <> actual obj | ||
162 | > actual :: Object -> Map SubObjectName (Maybe SubObject) | ||
163 | > actual = fmap Just . (^. oContent') | ||
164 | > promised :: Object -> Map SubObjectName (Maybe SubObject) | ||
165 | > promised = Map.fromList . map (\n -> (n, Nothing)) . concat . promises | ||
166 | > promises :: Object -> [[SubObjectName]] | ||
167 | > promises = mapMaybe (^. tPromises) . (^. oThunks') | ||
168 | |||
169 | Evaluating a `SearchQuery` against an `ObjectGen` is, due to the structure of elementary | ||
170 | `SearchQuery`s quite straightforward. | ||
171 | |||
172 | > runQuery :: Monad f => SearchQuery f -> ObjectGen f -> f Bool | ||
173 | > -- ^ Run a 'SearchQuery' against an 'ObjectGen' | ||
174 | > runQuery query obj = liftM reduceBoolExpr $ sequence $ fmap ($ obj) query | ||
175 | > | ||
176 | > -- runExpr :: Monad f => ObjectGen f -> Predicate f -> f Bool | ||
177 | > -- -- ^ Run a 'Predicate' (»an atomic 'SearchQuery'«) against an 'ObjectGen' | ||
178 | > -- runExpr obj (Prim f) = f obj | ||
179 | > -- runExpr obj (Meta f) = liftM f (obj ^. oMeta) | ||
diff --git a/provider/posts/beuteltier/3.md b/provider/posts/beuteltier/3.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b699c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/provider/posts/beuteltier/3.md | |||
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1 | --- | ||
2 | title: An Update to the Type Level Utilities of an Overly Complicated Feedreader | ||
3 | published: 2015-08-12 | ||
4 | tags: Beuteltier | ||
5 | --- | ||
6 | |||
7 | I commited a change to `beuteltier/Beuteltier/Types/Util.hs` ("[…] Hashable update"). I | ||
8 | replaced the `Hashable` instances for `Object` and `MetaData` with a single, better | ||
9 | optimized function: | ||
10 | |||
11 | ~~~ {.haskell} | ||
12 | objHash :: Applicative f => ObjectGen f -> f Int | ||
13 | -- ^ Two 'ObjectGen's hashes are a first indication of whether they are 'Equivalent' | ||
14 | objHash o = fmap hash $ (,) <$> (Set.toList . (^. mTags) <$> o ^. oMeta) <*> (Map.keys <$> o ^. oContent) | ||
15 | ~~~ | ||
16 | |||
17 | The new implementation allows computation of hashes without calling `generateObject` (that | ||
18 | function is evil — it makes sure the entire `Object` is "in RAM" (it isn´t actually, of | ||
19 | course (because haskell is lazy)—but I have no guarantee of that)). | ||
diff --git a/provider/posts/beuteltier/4.lhs b/provider/posts/beuteltier/4.lhs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..478cbac --- /dev/null +++ b/provider/posts/beuteltier/4.lhs | |||
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1 | --- | ||
2 | title: Business Logic for an Overly Complicated Feedreader | ||
3 | published: 2015-08-12 | ||
4 | tags: Beuteltier | ||
5 | --- | ||
6 | |||
7 | It turns out I don´t have to write much in the way of comments—the source file is already | ||
8 | quite well documented. | ||
9 | |||
10 | > {-# LANGUAGE KindSignatures #-} | ||
11 | > | ||
12 | > module Beuteltier | ||
13 | > ( -- * Forcing (Executing) 'Thunk's | ||
14 | > forceAllThunks | ||
15 | > , WithObjects | ||
16 | > , forceThunk | ||
17 | > , resetAllThunks | ||
18 | > , resetThunk | ||
19 | > -- * Higher level interactions with a 'Beutel' | ||
20 | > , replace | ||
21 | > , eqTo | ||
22 | > , update | ||
23 | > , forceAllThunks' | ||
24 | > , resetAllThunks' | ||
25 | > , module Beuteltier.Util | ||
26 | > , module Beuteltier.Types.Common | ||
27 | > ) where | ||
28 | > | ||
29 | > import Beuteltier.Types.Common | ||
30 | > import Beuteltier.Util | ||
31 | > | ||
32 | > import Data.Map (Map) | ||
33 | > import qualified Data.Map as Map | ||
34 | > | ||
35 | > import Control.Lens | ||
36 | > | ||
37 | > import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as LBS | ||
38 | > import qualified Data.ByteString as BS | ||
39 | > | ||
40 | > import qualified Data.Text as T | ||
41 | > import qualified Data.Text.IO as T | ||
42 | > import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as TL | ||
43 | > | ||
44 | > import System.FilePath | ||
45 | > import System.Directory | ||
46 | > import System.Posix.Files | ||
47 | > import System.Posix.Temp | ||
48 | > | ||
49 | > import System.Environment | ||
50 | > import System.IO | ||
51 | > import GHC.IO.Handle | ||
52 | > import System.Process as P | ||
53 | > import System.Exit | ||
54 | > | ||
55 | > import Control.Concurrent | ||
56 | > import Control.Applicative | ||
57 | > import Control.Monad.Morph | ||
58 | > import Control.Monad.Trans.State | ||
59 | > import Control.Monad.Writer | ||
60 | > import Control.Monad.Trans.Resource | ||
61 | > import Control.Monad (liftM) | ||
62 | > | ||
63 | > import Data.Time.Clock | ||
64 | > | ||
65 | > import Data.BoolExpr | ||
66 | |||
67 | The distinguishing feature of our Overly Complicated Feedreader™ is it´s support for | ||
68 | `Thunk`s. It is thus reasonable to expect, that we have some functions to actually | ||
69 | interact with them. Most striking in that hypothetical set of functions would be one that | ||
70 | executes all thunks associated with a single `ObjectGen` and return a new one with the | ||
71 | content generated by `Thunk`s filled in. | ||
72 | |||
73 | Enter `forceAllThunks`. | ||
74 | |||
75 | > forceAllThunks :: (MonadIO f, MonadResource f) | ||
76 | > => (Thunk -> Bool) -- ^ Select which 'Thunk's to force | ||
77 | > -> ObjectGen f -> f (ObjectGen f) | ||
78 | > -- ^ Force all thunks in place and update '_oContent' | ||
79 | > -- | ||
80 | > -- The reason we require a 'MonadResource' instance is that we would like to store our expensive to hold in RAM 'SubObject' contents in temporary files. | ||
81 | > forceAllThunks pred = flip alter $ do | ||
82 | > pureThunks <- use oThunks >>= lift >>= mapM lift | ||
83 | > (newThunks, objectResults) <- mapAndUnzipM forceThunk' pureThunks | ||
84 | > assign oThunks $ return $ map return newThunks | ||
85 | > oContent %= liftM (<> mconcat objectResults) | ||
86 | > where | ||
87 | > forceThunk' thunk | ||
88 | > | pred thunk = forceThunk thunk | ||
89 | > | otherwise = return (thunk, Map.empty) | ||
90 | |||
91 | `forceAllThunks'` (`resetAllThunks'` below, too) is tainted by the evil of | ||
92 | `generateObject` but included for convenience. | ||
93 | |||
94 | > forceAllThunks' :: (MonadIO f, MonadResource f) => (Thunk -> Bool) -> StateT Object f () | ||
95 | > -- ^ Version of 'forceAllThunks' suitable for use with 'update' | ||
96 | > forceAllThunks' pred = get >>= lift . forceAllThunks pred . liftGen >>= lift . generateObject >>= put | ||
97 | > | ||
98 | > -- | Internal helper to track computations creating 'SubObject's | ||
99 | > type WithObjects (n :: * -> *) (m :: * -> *) = WriterT (Map SubObjectName (n SubObject)) m | ||
100 | > | ||
101 | > forceThunk_ :: (MonadIO m, MonadResource m) => Thunk -> WithObjects (ResourceT IO) m Thunk | ||
102 | > -- ^ Make sure the 'ThunkState' contained within a 'Thunk' is 'Executed' | ||
103 | > forceThunk_ = flip alter $ do | ||
104 | > -- (result, subObjects) <- liftIO $ runWriterT $ parseThunk thunk | ||
105 | > -- writer ((), subObjects) | ||
106 | > (result, subObjects) <- listen . hoist (hoist liftResourceT) . lift . parseThunk =<< get | ||
107 | > tState .= Executed (Map.keys subObjects) result | ||
108 | > | ||
109 | > forceThunk :: (MonadResource m, MonadResource n) => Thunk -> m (Thunk, Map SubObjectName (n SubObject)) | ||
110 | > -- ^ Force a 'Thunk' and return it in 'Executed' state together with the 'SubObject's it created during execution | ||
111 | > forceThunk thunk = liftM (_2 %~ fmap liftResourceT) $ (runWriterT . forceThunk_) thunk | ||
112 | |||
113 | Quite often we want to undue the harm done by `forceAllThunks` (to save space, usually). | ||
114 | |||
115 | > resetAllThunks :: Monad f | ||
116 | > => (Thunk -> Bool) -- ^ Select which 'Thunk's to reset | ||
117 | > -> ObjectGen f -> f (ObjectGen f) | ||
118 | > -- ^ Undoes 'forceAllThunks': | ||
119 | > -- | ||
120 | > -- prop> forceAllThunks (const True) obj >>= resetAllThunks (const True) >>= forceAllThunks (const True) = forceAllThunks (const True) obj | ||
121 | > -- | ||
122 | > -- This inevitably drops information ('ThunkResult's for one). | ||
123 | > -- | ||
124 | > -- In the case where 'forceAllThunks' does not drop information (i.e.: no 'SubObjectName' collisions ocurr) the following, stronger property holds: | ||
125 | > -- | ||
126 | > -- prop> forceAllThunks (const True) obj >>= resetAllThunks (const True) = return obj | ||
127 | > resetAllThunks pred = flip alter $ do | ||
128 | > thunks <- liftM (map lift) (use oThunks >>= lift) >>= sequence | ||
129 | > let | ||
130 | > (subObjectNames, newThunks) = over _1 concat $ unzip $ map resetThunk' thunks | ||
131 | > oThunks .= return (map return newThunks) | ||
132 | > oContent %= (>>= return . Map.filterWithKey (\k _ -> k `notElem` subObjectNames)) | ||
133 | > where | ||
134 | > resetThunk' thunk | ||
135 | > | pred thunk = resetThunk thunk | ||
136 | > | otherwise = ([], thunk) | ||
137 | > | ||
138 | > resetAllThunks' :: (MonadIO f, MonadResource f) => (Thunk -> Bool) -> StateT Object f () | ||
139 | > -- ^ Version of 'resetAllThunks' suitable for use with 'update' | ||
140 | > resetAllThunks' pred = get >>= lift . resetAllThunks pred . liftGen >>= lift . generateObject >>= put | ||
141 | > | ||
142 | > resetThunk :: Thunk -> ([SubObjectName], Thunk) | ||
143 | > -- ^ Reset a thunk and return the 'SubObjectName's of the 'SubObject's it once created. | ||
144 | > -- This forgets information. | ||
145 | > resetThunk thunk = case thunk ^. tState of | ||
146 | > NotExecuted -> ([], thunk) | ||
147 | > Executed created _ -> (created, set tState NotExecuted thunk) | ||
148 | > | ||
149 | > parseThunk :: Thunk -> WithObjects (ResourceT IO) (ResourceT IO) ThunkResult | ||
150 | > -- ^ Generate a runnable action from a 'Thunk' | ||
151 | > -- | ||
152 | > -- Regarding the "inner" and "outer" 'Monad' here being 'IO': We have not, at time of forcing, a neccessary connection to our backstore and thus cannot expect the monads to be anything else. | ||
153 | > parseThunk thunk = do | ||
154 | > tmpDirName <- liftIO getTemporaryDirectory | ||
155 | > progName <- liftIO getProgName | ||
156 | > let | ||
157 | > tmpDirName' = tmpDirName </> progName | ||
158 | > (_, tmpDir) <- allocate (mkdtemp tmpDirName') removeDirectoryRecursive | ||
159 | > let exec = tmpDir </> "exec" | ||
160 | > out = tmpDir </> "out" | ||
161 | > result <- liftIO $ do | ||
162 | > createDirectory out | ||
163 | > LBS.writeFile exec script | ||
164 | > setFileMode exec $ foldl unionFileModes nullFileMode [ownerReadMode, ownerExecuteMode] | ||
165 | > (Just std_in, Just std_out, Just std_err, ph) <- createProcess $ (P.proc exec []) { cwd = Just out, std_in = CreatePipe, std_out = CreatePipe, std_err = CreatePipe } | ||
166 | > hClose std_in | ||
167 | > hSetBinaryMode std_out True | ||
168 | > hSetBinaryMode std_err True | ||
169 | > std_out `sendTo` stdout | ||
170 | > std_err `sendTo` stderr | ||
171 | > construct $ do | ||
172 | > rOutStd <~ TL.fromStrict <$> liftIO (T.hGetContents std_out) -- Yes, sadly we have to be strict here | ||
173 | > rOutErr <~ TL.fromStrict <$> liftIO (T.hGetContents std_err) | ||
174 | > rExit <~ toNum <$> liftIO (waitForProcess ph) | ||
175 | > outputFiles <- liftIO $ getDirectoryContents out | ||
176 | > let | ||
177 | > outputFiles' = filter fileFilter outputFiles | ||
178 | > fileFilter = and . (<*>) [(/=) ".", (/=) ".."] . pure . takeFileName | ||
179 | > mapM_ tell =<< mapM (liftResourceT . toSubObject) outputFiles' | ||
180 | > return result | ||
181 | > where | ||
182 | > script = thunk ^. tScript | ||
183 | > toSubObject :: FilePath -> ResIO (Map SubObjectName (ResIO SubObject)) | ||
184 | > -- ^ Using 'ResourceT' provides us with the guarantee, that the 'FilePath' we´re referring to should still exist when we actually try to get the 'SubObject'´s contents | ||
185 | > toSubObject name = fmap (Map.singleton name' . return) $ construct $ do | ||
186 | > sContent <~ liftIO (LBS.readFile name) | ||
187 | > sUpdates <~ pure <$> liftIO getCurrentTime | ||
188 | > where | ||
189 | > name' = takeFileName name | ||
190 | > sendTo input output = do | ||
191 | > input' <- hDuplicate input | ||
192 | > forkIO $ do | ||
193 | > hSetBuffering input' NoBuffering | ||
194 | > LBS.hGetContents input' >>= LBS.hPutStr output | ||
195 | > return () | ||
196 | > toNum :: Num a => ExitCode -> a | ||
197 | > toNum ExitSuccess = 0 | ||
198 | > toNum (ExitFailure i) = fromInteger $ toInteger i | ||
199 | |||
200 | We provide `update`, a convenience function for high-level interactions (though costly on | ||
201 | large sets of equivalent objects (which should not exist due to nubbing)). | ||
202 | |||
203 | > eqTo :: Monad f => Object -> SearchQuery f | ||
204 | > -- ^ @eqTo o@ constructs a 'SearchQuery' that matches all 'Object's 'Equivalent' to @o@ | ||
205 | > -- | ||
206 | > -- This is costly because it calls 'generateObject' on the contents of the entire 'Beutel'. | ||
207 | > eqTo o = BConst ((>>= return . (~~) o) . generateObject) | ||
208 | > | ||
209 | > update :: Beutel f => SearchQuery f -> StateT Object f a -> f () | ||
210 | > -- ^ @update search action@ replaces /all/ 'Object's matching @search@ within the 'Beutel' by versions of themselves modified by applying @action@. | ||
211 | > -- | ||
212 | > -- Does not handle '_sUpdates'. | ||
213 | > -- | ||
214 | > -- This is costly because it calls 'generateObject' on the contents of the entire 'Beutel' /and/ all results of @search@ (in order to use 'Eq' on 'Object's to delete the results of the initial 'search'). | ||
215 | > update query alteration = do | ||
216 | > matches <- search query | ||
217 | > matches' <- mapM generateObject matches | ||
218 | > delete $ BConst ((>>= return . (`elem` matches')) . generateObject) | ||
219 | > mapM_ (\o -> alter o alteration >>= insert) matches' | ||
220 | > return () | ||