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1% Torsors and Their Classification 1% Torsors and Their Classification I
2
3# Torsors in Grothendieck Toposes #
2 4
3Let $\ca C$ be some Grothendieck topos, that is a category of sheaves on some 5Let $\ca C$ be some Grothendieck topos, that is a category of sheaves on some
4Grothendieck topology. This text will look at some properties of *torsors* in 6Grothendieck topology. This text will look at some properties of *torsors* in
@@ -20,9 +22,79 @@ corresponding topos on $S$.
20Let's now assume we have a group object $G$ in a Grothendieck topos $\ca 22Let's now assume we have a group object $G$ in a Grothendieck topos $\ca
21C$. Then we can define torsors over $G$ as follows: 23C$. Then we can define torsors over $G$ as follows:
22 24
23<defn> A *trivial torsor* over $G$ is an object $X$ with a left $G$--action 25<defn> A *trivial $G$--torsor* is an object $X$ with a left $G$--action which is
24which is isomorphic to $G$ itself with the action given by left 26isomorphic to $G$ itself with the action given by left multiplication. </defn>
25multiplication. A *torsor* over $G$ is an object $X\in\ca C$ with a left 27
26$G$--action which is locally isomorphic to a trivial torsor; that is, there is 28<defn> A *$G$--torsor* is an object $X\in\ca C$ with a left $G$--action which is
27an epimorphism $U\to *$ such that $U\times X$ is a trivial torsor in $\ca C/U$ 29locally isomorphic to a trivial torsor; that is, there is an epimorphism $U\to
28over $U \times G$. </defn> 30*$ such that $U\times X$ is a trivial torsor in $\ca C/U$ over $U \times G$.
31</defn>
32
33I want to show that for any $G$--torsor $X$ according to this definition the
34left action of $G$ on $X$ is free and transitive, that is the map
35$$ f\colon G\times X \to X\times X $$
36given (on generalized elements) by $f(g, x) = (gx, x)$ is an isomorphism. This
37is going to be some relatively elementary category theory but I think it's worth
38writing it up. First a few facts about isomorphisms in toposes, they can be
39found for example in Sheaves in Geometry and Logic.[^1]
40
41<lem>
42Epimorphisms in a topos are stable under pullback.
43</lem>
44<lem>
45In a topos every morphism $f\colon X\to Y$ has a functorial factorization $f =
46m\circ e$ with $m$ a monomorphism and $e$ and epimorphism.
47</lem>
48<lem>
49A morphism $f$ is an isomorphism if and only if $f$ is both monic and epic.
50</lem>
51
52Now, let $f\colon A\to B$ be a *local monomorphism*, i.e. there is an epimorphism
53$U\to *$ such that the pullback $f\times U$ of $f$ to $U$ is a
54monomorphism. Then, since epimorphisms are stable under pullback, it follows that
55in the commutative square
56$$
57\begin{tikzcd}
58A\times U \ar[into, r, "f\times U"] \ar[onto, d] & B\times U \ar[onto, d] \\
59A \ar[r, "f"'] & B
60\end{tikzcd}
61$$
62both vertical maps are epimorphisms. Now let $\varphi,\psi\colon T\to A$ be a pair of morphisms
63such that $f\varphi = f\psi$. Then, denoting by $\varphi_U$ and $\psi_U$ the
64pullbacks to $U$, we have $f_U\varphi_U = f_U\psi_U$. but $f_U$ is a
65monomorphism by assumption, so $\varphi_U = \psi_U$. So we have a commutative
66diagram
67$$
68\begin{tikzcd}
69T\times U \ar[r, "\varphi_U = \psi_U"] \ar[onto, d] & A\times U \ar[onto, d] \\
70T \ar[r, "\varphi", shift left] \ar[r, "\psi"', shift right] & A
71\end{tikzcd}
72$$
73in which the vertical maps are epimorphisms. It follows that $\varphi =
74\psi$.
75
76Now, if $f$ is a local epimorphism, then again we have the diagram
77$$
78\begin{tikzcd}
79A\times U \ar[onto, r, "f\times U"] \ar[onto, d] & B\times U \ar[onto, d] \\
80A \ar[r, "f"'] & B
81\end{tikzcd}
82$$
83and it is immediate that $f$ is an epimorphism. In summary:
84
85<prop>
86In a topos, any local epimorphism is an epimorphism, any local monomorphism is a
87monomorphism, and any local isomorphism is an isomorphism.
88</prop>
89
90Now, let's check that $G$--torsors $X$ as defined above are free and
91transitive. Take an epimorphism $U\onto *$ such that $X\times U$ is trivial in
92$\ca C/U$. The action of $G$ on itself by left multiplication is plainly free
93and transitive, so in $\ca C/U$ we have the isomorphism
94$$(G\times U)\times_U (X\times U) \iso (X\times U)
95\times_U (X\times U)$$
96and $(G\times U)\times_U(X\times U) = (G\times X)\times U$ and $(X\times
97U)\times_U (X\times U)$ because pullback preserves products. So, $G\times X\to
98X\times X$ is a local isomorphism, hence an isomorphism.
99
100[^1]: Saunders Mac Lane, Ieke Moerdijk. Sheaves in geometry and logic. Springer, 1994. ISBN: 0-387-97710-4